What is Grief?
The word grief comes from the Latin, gravare, which means “to burden” or “to cause distress.” The term “grief” refers to typical personal feelings in reactions to the loss of a loved one through death; “bereavement” refers to the objective state of having experienced that loss (i.e., state of sorrow); and “mourning” refers to the outward cultural expression(s) that individuals display to others in reaction to the loss (e.g., wearing specific colours of clothing).
Grief is described as the normal process of reacting to a loss, which can be experienced physically (e.g., the death of a loved one), socially (e.g., through divorce), occupationally (e.g., losing a job), or materially (e.g., a change in financial status). Emotional reactions can include anger, anguish, anxiety, despair, guilt, and sadness; in fact, there is no emotion (or lack of emotion) that cannot be considered part of “normal” grief. Physical reactions can include changes in appetite, illness, physical problems, or sleeping problems.
Although grief is a global phenomenon with many universal symptoms and behaviours, it is also highly subjective in nature. It is influenced by a multitude of factors, including personality, gender, age, culture, environment, who died (e.g., child, parent), and type of death (e.g., anticipated or unexpected).
Many specific theories and/or models have been developed to describe how bereaved individuals move through their grief. Traditional models have focused on (a) symptom clusters (e.g., Lindemann, 1944), (b) grief work (e.g., Freud, 1917/1957; Bowlby, 1961, 1970, 1980); (c) stages of grief (e.g., Kübler-Ross, 1969), (d) phases of grief (e.g., Parkes, 1983); and (e) tasks of grief (e.g., Worden, 1991). More recent models include a biographical model (Walter, 1996) and a dual-process model (Stroebe & Schut, 1999).
References:
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Breen, L. J., & O’Connor, M. O. (2007). The fundamental paradox in the grief literature: A critical reflection. Omega: The Journal of Death & Dying, 55(3), 199-218.
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